Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MVM, McGroder C, Stevens JS, Cook JR, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):601–15.
NICE. COVID-19 rapid guideline: Managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. 2020.
Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P, Diaz JV. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;22(4):102–7.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Long COVID or Post-COVID Conditions 2022. Available from: www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html. Accessed 27 September 2022.
O’Mahoney LL, Routen A, Gillies C, Ekezie W, Welford A, Zhang A, et al. The prevalence and long-term health effects of Long Covid among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine. 2023;55:101762.
Maltezou HC, Pavli A, Tsakris A. Post-COVID syndrome: an insight on its pathogenesis. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(5):497.
International Primary Care Respiratory Group. What are the risk factors for long-COVID-19 disease/post-COVID syndrome (PCS)? 2021. Available from: www.ipcrg.org/resources/search-resources/what-are-the-risk-factors-for-long-covid-19-diseasepost-covid-syndrome. Accessed 10 February 2022.
Menges D, Ballouz TA, Anagnostopoulos A, Aschmann HED, Domenghino A, Fehr JS, Puhan M. Burden of post-COVID-19 syndrome and implications for healthcare service planning: a population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0254523.
Evans RA, McAuley H, Harrison EM, Shikotra A, Singapuri A, Sereno M, et al. Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(11):13.
Aiyegbusi OL, Hughes SE, Turner G, Rivera SC, McMullan C, Chandan JS, et al. Symptoms, complications and management of long COVID: a review. J R Soc Med. 2021;114(9):428–42.
World Health Organisation. Clinical management of COVID-19: Living guideline, 15 September 2022 2022. Available from: www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Clinical-2022.2. Accessed 21 December 2022.
The Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Training 2022. Available from: training.cochrane.org/. Accessed 2 May 2022.
PRISMA. PRISMA - transparent reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses 2021. Available from: www.prisma-statement.org/. Accessed 2 May 2022.
Research Aid Networks Long Covid Library. Available from: www.zotero.org/groups/4411227/research_aid_networks_long_covid_library/items/9ITDFM6W. Accessed 9 May 2022.
Resources LongCovid. Available from: docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1jy354stmCE30zYoE5Ou3lz0O1hZSbvuLfvxcUGoBroQ/htmlview?fbclid=IwAR1RFFF7YnmeNzGQIH9uf3RcgWzmHkRARzj_oIfu4F00qGiHLe4yH0bP3L4. Accessed 9 May 2022.
Cochrane. Available from: covid-19.cochrane.org/. Accessed 9 May 2022.
Epistemonikos. Available from: app.iloveevidence.com/loves/5e6fdb9669c00e4ac072701d/advanced-search. Accessed 9 May 2022.
World Health Organisation. Available from: search.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/. Accessed 9 May 2022.
Falconer J. Removing duplicates from an EndNote library 2018. Available from: blogs.lshtm.ac.uk/library/2018/12/07/removing-duplicates-from-an-endnote-library/. Accessed 9 May 2022.
Rayyan. Available from: www.rayyan.ai/. Accessed 9 May 2022.
Covidence. Available from: www.covidence.org/. Accessed 9 May 2022.
CASP UK. CASP CHECKLISTS 2021. Available from: casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/. Accessed 11 January 2022.
Sterne J, Savović J, Page M, Elbers R, Blencowe N, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:4898.
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924–6.
GRADE working group. Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach. 2013. Available from: gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html. Accessed 12 October 2021.
Barbara C, Clavario P, De Marzo V, Lotti R, Guglielmi G, Porcile A, et al. Effects of exercise rehabilitation in patients with long COVID-19. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29(7):258–60.
Betschart M, Rezek S, Unger I, Beyer S, Gisi D, Shannon H, et al. Feasibility of an outpatient training program after COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8):3978.
Bouteleux B, Henrot P, Ernst R, Grassion L, Raherison-Semjen C, Beaufils F, et al. Respiratory rehabilitation for Covid-19 related persistent dyspnoea: a one-year experience. Respir Med. 2021;189: 106648.
Daynes E, Gerlis C, Chaplin E, Gardiner N, Singh SJ. Early experiences of rehabilitation for individuals post-COVID to improve fatigue, breathlessness exercise capacity and cognition – a cohort study. Chron Respir Dis. 2021;18:14799731211015692.
Hameed F, Palatulan E, Jaywant A, Said R, Lau C, Sood V, et al. Outcomes of a COVID-19 recovery program for patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection in New York City: a prospective cohort study. PM&R. 2021;13(6):609–17.
Kireyev IV, Zhabotynska NV, Bakumenko MG, Khyzhnyak VM, Knizhenko IB. Rehabilitation in Post COVID-19 neurological syndrome. Acta Balneologica. 2022;64(1):11–5.
Martin I, Braem F, Baudet L, Poncin W, Fizaine S, Aboubakar F, et al. Follow-up of functional exercise capacity in patients with COVID-19: It is improved by telerehabilitation. Respir Med. 2021;183: 106438.
Nambi G, Abdelbasset WK, Alrawaili SM, Elsayed SH, Verma A, Vellaiyan A, et al. Comparative effectiveness study of low versus high-intensity aerobic training with resistance training in community-dwelling older men with post-COVID 19 sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2022;36(1):59–68.
Cahalan RM, Meade C, Mockler S. SingStrong-A singing and breathing retraining intervention for respiratory and other common symptoms of long COVID: a pilot study. Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy. 2022;58:20–7.
Liu K, Zhang W, Yang Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Chen Y. Respiratory rehabilitation in elderly patients with COVID-19: a randomized controlled study. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;39: 101166.
Philip KEJ, Owles H, McVey S, Pagnuco T, Bruce K, Brunjes H, et al. An online breathing and wellbeing programme (ENO Breathe) for people with persistent symptoms following COVID-19: a parallel-group, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2022;10(9):851–62.
Srinivasan V, Kandakurti PK, Alagesan J, Suganthirababu P, Jenifer Augustina S, Anitha A, et al. Efficacy of pursed lip breathing with bhastrika pranayama vs incentive spirometry in rehabilitating post Covid 19 follow up-a randomized control study. Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation. 2021;32(3):402–7.
Ahmed I, Inam AB, Belli S, Ahmad J, Khalil W, Jafar MM. Effectiveness of aerobic exercise training program on cardio-respiratory fitness and quality of life in patients recovered from COVID-19. European Journal of Physiotherapy. 2021;24(6):358–63.
Dalbosco-Salas M, Torres-Castro R, Leyton AR, Zapata FM, Salazar EH, Bastías GE, et al. Effectiveness of a primary care telerehabilitation program for post-covid-19 patients: a feasibility study. J Clin Med. 2021;10(19):4428.
Kokhan S, Romanova E, Nadeina L, Baatar B, Shagdarsuren O, Purevdorj D. Effect of physical rehabilitation on the functional state of post COVID-19 patients. Laplage em Revista. 2021;7(3A):675–81.
Li J, Xia W, Zhan C, Liu S, Yin Z, Wang J, et al. A telerehabilitation programme in post-discharge COVID-19 patients (TERECO): a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2021;77(7):697–706.
Scaturro D, Vitagliani F, Di Bella VE, Falco V, Tomasello S, Lauricella L, et al. The role of acetyl-carnitine and rehabilitation in the management of patients with post-COVID syndrome: case-control study. Appl Sci. 2022;12(8):4084.
Stavrou VT, Tourlakopoulos KN, Vavougios GD, Papayianni E, Kiribesi K, Maggoutas S, et al. Eight weeks unsupervised pulmonary rehabilitation in previously hospitalized of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2021;11(8):806.
D’Ascanio L, Vitelli F, Cingolani C, Maranzano M, Brenner MJ, Di Stadio A. Randomized clinical trial “olfactory dysfunction after COVID-19: olfactory rehabilitation therapy vs. intervention treatment with Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin”: preliminary results. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(11):4156–62.
Di Stadio A, D’Ascanio L, Vaira LA, Cantone E, De Luca P, Cingolani C, et al. Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin supplement combined with olfactory training to treat post-COVID-19 olfactory impairment: a multi-center double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2022;20(10):2001–12.
Rathi A, Jadhav SB, Shah N. A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of systemic enzymes and probiotics in the resolution of post-COVID fatigue. Medicines. 2021;8(9):47.
Abdelalim AA, Mohamady AA, Elsayed RA, Elawady MA, Ghallab AF. Corticosteroid nasal spray for recovery of smell sensation in COVID-19 patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021;42(2): 102884.
Denis F, Septans A-L, Periers L, Maillard J-M, Legoff F, Gurden H, et al. Olfactory training and visual stimulation assisted by a web application for patients with persistent olfactory dysfunction after SARS-CoV-2 infection: observational study. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(5): e29583.
Le Bon SD, Konopnicki D, Pisarski N, Prunier L, Lechien JR, Horoi M. Efficacy and safety of oral corticosteroids and olfactory training in the management of COVID-19-related loss of smell. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;278(8):3113–7.
Pires ÍAT, Steffens ST, Mocelin AG, Shibukawa DE, Leahy L, Saito FL, et al. Intensive olfactory training in post-COVID-19 patients: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2022;36(6):780–7.
Vandersteen C, Payne M, Dumas LÉ, Cancian É, Plonka A, D’Andrea G, et al. Olfactory training efficiency in Post-COVID-19 persistent olfactory disorders: value normalization for threshold but not identification. J Clin Med. 2022;11(12):3275.
Albu S, Rivas Zozaya N, Murillo N, García-Molina A, Figueroa Chacón CA, Kumru H. Multidisciplinary outpatient rehabilitation of physical and neurological sequelae and persistent symptoms of covid-19: a prospective, observational cohort study. Disabil Rehabil. 2021;44(22):6833–40.
García-Molina A, Espiña-Bou M, Rodríguez-Rajo P, Sánchez-Carrión R, Enseñat-Cantallops A. Programa de rehabilitación neuropsicológica en pacientes con síndrome post-COVID-19: una experiencia clínica. Neurología. 2021;36(7):565–6.
Everaerts S, Heyns A, Langer D, Beyens H, Hermans G, Troosters T, et al. COVID-19 recovery: benefits of multidisciplinary respiratory rehabilitation. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2021;8(1): e000837.
Gloeckl R, Leitl D, Jarosch I, Schneeberger T, Nell C, Stenzel N, et al. Benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in COVID-19: a prospective observational cohort study. ERJ Open Research. 2021;7(2):00108–2021.
Hayden MC, Limbach M, Schuler M, Merkl S, Schwarzl G, Jakab K, et al. Effectiveness of a three-week inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program for patients after COVID-19: a prospective observational study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(17):9001.
Nopp S, Moik F, Klok FA, Gattinger D, Petrovic M, Vonbank K, et al. Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with long COVID improves exercise capacity, functional status, dyspnea, fatigue, and quality of life. Respiration. 2022;101(6):593–601.
Babliuk L, Fediaeva S, Babova I, Mesoedova V, Tamazlykar S. Rehabilitation of post-COVID patients with chronic fatigue and cognitive disorders syndromes. Balneo and PRM Research Journal. 2022;13(1):497.
Fan Y, Shi Y, Zhang J, Sun D, Wang X, Fu G, et al. The effects of narrative exposure therapy on COVID-19 patients with post-traumatic stress symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2021;293:141–7.
Hawkins J, Hires C, Keenan L, Dunne E. Aromatherapy blend of thyme, orange, clove bud, and frankincense boosts energy levels in post-COVID-19 female patients: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2022;67: 102823.
Heald AH, Perrin R, Walther A, Stedman M, Hann M, Mukherjee A, et al. Reducing fatigue-related symptoms in Long COVID-19: a preliminary report of a lymphatic drainage intervention. Cardiovascular Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2022;11(2): e0261.
Robbins T, Gonevski M, Clark C, Baitule S, Sharma K, Magar A, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of long COVID: early evaluation of a highly promising intervention. Clin Med. 2021;21(6):629–32.
Sathyamoorthy M, Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Varanasi S, Ward R, Spertus J, Shah S. Enhanced external counterpulsation for management of symptoms associated with long COVID. American Heart Journal Plus: Cardiology Research and Practice. 2022;13(9): e18398.
Shogenova LV, Tuet TT, Kryukova NO, Yusupkhodzhaeva KA, Pozdnyakova DD, Kim TG, et al. KalHydrogen inhalation in rehabilitation program of the medical staff recovered from COVID-19. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2021;20(6):24–32.
Chen H, Shi H, Liu X, Sun T, Wu J, Liu Z. Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with post-COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med. 2022;9: 837420.
Fugazzaro S, Contri A, Esseroukh O, Kaleci S, Croci S, Massari M, et al. Rehabilitation Interventions for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):5185.
Debeuf R, Swinnen E, Plattiau T, De Smedt A, De Waele E, Roggeman S, et al. The effect of physical therapy on impairments in COVID-19 patients from intensive care to home rehabilitation: a rapid review. J Rehabil Med. 2022;54:jrm00242.
Goodwin VA, Allan L, Bethel A, Cowley A, Cross JL, Day J, et al. Rehabilitation to enable recovery from COVID-19: a rapid systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2021;111:4–22.
Negrini F, de Sire A, Andrenelli E, Lazzarini SG, Patrini M, Ceravolo MG. Rehabilitation and COVID-19: update of the rapid living systematic review by Cochrane Rehabilitation Field as of December 31st, 2021. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2022;58(2):328–31.
Twomey R, DeMars J, Franklin K, Culos-Reed SN, Weatherald J, Wrightson JG. Chronic fatigue and postexertional malaise in people living with long COVID: an observational study. Phys Ther. 2022;102(4):pzac005.
Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L, Wei H, Low RJ, Re’em Y, et al. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;38: 101019.
Parker M, Sawant HB, Flannery T, Tarrant R, Shardha J, Bannister R, et al. Effect of using a structured pacing protocol on post-exertional symptom exacerbation and health status in a longitudinal cohort with the post-COVID-19 syndrome. J Med Virol. 2022;95(1): e28373.
Hersche R, Weise A. Occupational therapy-based energy management education in people with post-COVID-19 condition-related fatigue: results from a focus group discussion. Occup Ther Int. 2022;2022:4590154.
Décary S, De Groote W, Arienti C, Kiekens C, Boldrini P, Lazzarini SG, et al. Scoping review of rehabilitation care models for post COVID-19 condition. Bull World Health Organ. 2022;100(11):13.
World Health Organisation. Support for rehabilitation: self-management after COVID-19-related illness, second edition 2021. Available from: www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2021-855-40590-59892. Accessed 21 December 2022.
Jimeno-Almazán A, Franco-López F, Buendía-Romero Á, Martínez-Cava A, Sánchez-Agar JA, Sánchez-Alcaraz Martínez BJ, Courel-Ibáñez JP, Pallarés JG. Rehabilitation for post-COVID-19 condition through a supervised exercise intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2022;32(12):1791–801.
Del Corral T, Fabero-Garrido R, Plaza-Manzano G, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Navarro-Santana M, López-de-Uralde-Villanueva I. Home-based respiratory muscle training on quality of life and exercise tolerance in long-term post-COVID-19: Randomized controlled trial. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2022;66(1): 101709.
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurorehabilitation e.V. (DGNR). SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 und (Früh-) Rehabilitation. 2021.
Federatie Medisch Specialisten. Langdurige klachten en revalidatie na COVID-19. 2022.
Dillen H, Bekkering G, Bastiaens A, Li A, Van den Broeck A, Spiette A, et al. Richtlijn ‘Opvolging en revalidatie van patiënten met aanhoudende klachten na COVID-19 in de eerste lijn’. 2022.
Boscolo-Rizzo PH, Hopkins C, Menini A, Dibattista M, Cancellieri E, Gardenal N, Tofanelli M, et al. Parosmia assessment with structured questions and its functional impact in patients with long-term COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2022;12(12):1570–4.