Orlandi M, Landini N, Sambataro G, Nardi C, Tofani L, Bruni C, et al. The role of chest CT in deciphering interstitial lung involvement: systemic sclerosis versus COVID-19. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61:1600–9.
Pelosi P, Tonelli R, Torregiani C, Baratella E, Confalonieri M, Battaglini D et al. Different methods to improve the monitoring of noninvasive respiratory support of patients with severe Pneumonia/ARDS due to COVID-19: an update. J Clin Med. 2022; 11.
Guan WJ, Liang WH, Zhao Y, Liang HR, Chen ZS, Li YM et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020; 55.
Luo YH, Chiu HY, Weng CS, Chen YM. Overview of coronavirus disease 2019: treatment updates and advances. J Chin Med Assoc. 2020;83:805–8.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506.
Vawter NL, Godino JG, Lewis SV, Northrup AW, Samaniego JC, Poblete JY, et al. COVID-19 monoclonal antibody treatment impact on symptoms and post-COVID conditions among high-risk patients at a federally qualified Health Center. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23:105.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323:1061–9.
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1708–20.
Paraskevis D, Kostaki EG, Magiorkinis G, Panayiotakopoulos G, Sourvinos G, Tsiodras S. Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;79:104212.
Cao Z, Gao W, Bao H, Feng H, Mei S, Chen P, et al. VV116 versus nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for oral treatment of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:406–17.
Robinson PC, Liew DFL, Tanner HL, Grainger JR, Dwek RA, Reisler RB, et al. COVID-19 therapeutics: Challenges and directions for the future. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2022;119:e2119893119.
Nakao A. (2011) Therapeutic medical gas. In: Gas Biology Research in Clinical Practice. Karger Publishers, p 15–23.
Long L, Wu L. Effect of early oxygen therapy and antiviral treatment on disease progression in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study of medical charts in China. 2021; 15: e0009051.
Paganini M, Bosco G, Perozzo FAG, Kohlscheen E, Sonda R, Bassetto F, et al. The role of hyperbaric oxygen treatment for COVID-19: a review. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1289:27–35.
Voynow JA, Gendler SJ, Rose MC. Regulation of mucin genes in chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2006;34:661–5.
Huang CS, Kawamura T, Toyoda Y, Nakao A. Recent advances in hydrogen research as a therapeutic medical gas. Free Radic Res. 2010;44:971–82.
Ohta S. Molecular hydrogen as a preventive and therapeutic medical gas: initiation, development and potential of hydrogen medicine. Pharmacol Ther. 2014;144:1–11.
Kohama K, Yamashita H, Aoyama-Ishikawa M, Takahashi T, Billiar TR, Nishimura T, et al. Hydrogen inhalation protects against acute lung injury induced by hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Surgery. 2015;158:399–407.
Yang F, Yue R, Luo X, Liu R, Huang X. Hydrogen: a potential New Adjuvant Therapy for COVID-19 patients. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:543718.
NHC. Diagnosis and treatment guideline for COVID-19 infection (trial version 6). Accessed 18. Feb 2020; www.nhc.gov.cn.
Guan WJ, Wei CH, Chen AL, Sun XC, Guo GY, Zou X, et al. Hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas inhalation improves disease severity and dyspnea in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in a recent multicenter, open-label clinical trial. J Thorac Dis. 2020;12:3448–52.
Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, O’Halloran A, Cummings C, Holstein R, et al. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1–30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:458–64.
Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonelli M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA. 2020;323:1574–81.
Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW, et al. Presenting characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. 2020;323:2052–9.
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323:1239–42.
Rees EM, Nightingale ES, Jafari Y, Waterlow NR, Clifford S, CA BP, et al. COVID-19 length of hospital stay: a systematic review and data synthesis. BMC Med. 2020;18:270.
Nguyen LH, Drew DA, Graham MS, Joshi AD, Guo CG, Ma W, et al. Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5:e475–83.
Grutters LA, Majoor KI, Mattern ESK, Hardeman JA, van Swol CFP, Vorselaars ADM. Home telemonitoring makes early hospital discharge of COVID-19 patients possible. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2020;27:1825–7.
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395:507–13.
Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). indian J Pediatr. 2020;87:281–6.
Shen C, Yue X, Wang J, Shi C, Li W. Nocturnal oxygen therapy as an option for early COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;98:176–9.
Wang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, Chen F, Zhang W. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined chinese and western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends. 2020;14:64–68.
Ohta S. Will the hydrogen therapy be approved shortly? Ann Transl Med. 2020;8:264.
Singh RB, Halabi G, Fatima G, Rai RH, Tarnava AT, LeBaron TW. Molecular hydrogen as an adjuvant therapy may be associated with increased oxygen saturation and improved exercise tolerance in a COVID-19 patient. Clin Case Rep. 2021;9:e05039.
Sircus M. Hydrogen Medicine: combining Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Co2. iUniverse; 2021.
Ivashchenko AA, Dmitriev KA, Vostokova NV, Azarova VN, Blinow AA, Egorova AN, et al. AVIFAVIR for treatment of patients with Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): interim results of a phase II/III Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:531–4.
Golchin A. Cell-based therapy for severe COVID-19 patients: clinical trials and cost-utility. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2021;17:56–62.
Liu STH, Lin HM, Baine I, Wajnberg A, Gumprecht JP, Rahman F et al. Convalescent plasma treatment of severe COVID-19: a propensity score-matched control study. 2020; 26: 1708–13.
Thiruchelvam K, Kow CS. The use of remdesivir for the management of patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19: a systematic review. 2021; 1–19.
Tworek A, Jaroń K, Uszyńska-Kałuża B, Rydzewski A, Gil R, Deptała A, et al. Convalescent plasma treatment is associated with lower mortality and better outcomes in high-risk COVID-19 patients - propensity-score matched case-control study. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;105:209–15.
Chen F-J, Li F-R, Zheng J-Z, Zhou R, Liu H-M, Wu K-Y et al. Factors associated with duration of hospital stay and complications in patients with COVID-19. J Public Health Emerg. 2021; 5.
Menéndez R, Ferrando D, Vallés JM, Martínez E, Perpiñá M. Initial risk class and length of hospital stay in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2001;18:151–6.
Wu S, Xue L, Legido-Quigley H, Khan M, Wu H, Peng X, et al. Understanding factors influencing the length of hospital stay among non-severe COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study in a Fangcang shelter hospital. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0240959.
Xu B, Fan CY, Wang AL, Zou YL, Yu YH, He C, et al. Suppressed T cell-mediated immunity in patients with COVID-19: a clinical retrospective study in Wuhan, China. J Infect. 2020;81:e51–e60.
Opal SM, Girard TD, Ely EW. The immunopathogenesis of sepsis in elderly patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(Suppl 7):504–12.
Wang Z, Ji JS, Liu Y, Liu R, Zha Y, Chang X et al. Survival analysis of hospital length of stay of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia patients in Sichuan, China medRxiv. 2020.
