Hammond, J. et al. Oral nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 386, 1397–1408. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2118542 (2022).
Gottlieb, R. L. et al. Early remdesivir to prevent progression to severe covid-19 in outpatients. N. Engl. J. Med. 386, 305–315. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2116846 (2022).
RECOVERY Collaborative Group et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 693–704. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021436 (2021).
The Writing Committee for the REMAP-CAP Investigators. Effect of hydrocortisone on mortality and organ support in patients with severe COVID-19: The remap-cap COVID-19 corticosteroid domain randomized clinical trial. JAMA 324, 1317–1329. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.17022 (2020).
Cano, E. J. et al. Impact of corticosteroids in coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest 159, 1019–1040. doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.054 (2021).
REMAP-CAP Investigators et al. Interleukin-6 receptor antagonists in critically ill patients with covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 1491–1502. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2100433 (2021).
Kalil, A. C. et al. Baricitinib plus remdesivir for hospitalized adults with covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 795–807. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2031994 (2021).
Chen, P. et al. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody LY-CoV555 in outpatients with covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 229–237. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2029849 (2021).
Weinreich, D. M. et al. REGN-COV2, a neutralizing antibody cocktail, in outpatients with covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 238–251. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2035002 (2021).
COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Statement on Tixagevimab Plus Cilgavimab (Evusheld) as Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines (2023, accessed 4 Apr 2023). www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapies/statement-on-evusheld/.
Janiaud, P. et al. Association of convalescent plasma treatment with clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 325, 1185–1195. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.2747 (2021).
Joyner, M. J. et al. Convalescent plasma antibody levels and the risk of death from covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 1015–1027. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2031893 (2021).
FDA News Release. FDA issues emergency use authorization for convalescent plasma as potential promising COVID–19 treatment, another achievement in administration’s fight against pandemic (2023, accessed 4 Apr 2023). www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-convalescent-plasma-potential-promising-covid-19-treatment.
FDA In Brief: FDA updates emergency use authorization for COVID-19 convalescent plasma to reflect new data (2023, accessed 4 Apr 2023). www.fda.gov/news-events/fda-brief/fda-brief-fda-updates-emergency-use-authorization-covid-19-convalescent-plasma-reflect-new-data.
COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines: COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma (2023, accessed 15 Sep 2023). www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapies/antivirals-including-antibody-products/covid-19-convalescent-plasma/.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID Data Tracker, COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States (2023, accessed 3 Mar 2023). covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations_vacc-people-booster-percent-pop5.
Sun, C., Pleyer, C. & Wiestner, A. COVID-19 vaccines for patients with haematological conditions. Lancet Haematol. 8, e312–e314. doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00073-9 (2021).
Herishanu, Y. et al. Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 137, 3165–3173. doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021011568 (2021).
Harvey, R. A. et al. Association of SARS-CoV-2 seropositive antibody test with risk of future infection. JAMA Intern. Med. 181, 672–679. doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.0366 (2021).
Biernat, M. M. et al. Early administration of convalescent plasma improves survival in patients with hematological malignancies and COVID-19. Viruses 13, 436. doi.org/10.3390/v13030436 (2021).
Avouac, J. et al. COVID-19 outcomes in patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases treated with rituximab: A cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 3, e419–e426. doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00059-X (2021).
Hensley, M. K. et al. Intractable coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and prolonged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication in a chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy recipient: A case study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 73, e815–e821. doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab072 (2021).
Lancman, G., Mascarenhas, J. & Bar-Natan, M. Severe COVID-19 virus reactivation following treatment for B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J. Hematol. Oncol. 13, 131. doi.org/10.1186/s13045-020-00968-1 (2020).
Hughes, C. M. et al. Clinical illness with viable severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus presenting 72 days after infection in an immunocompromised patient. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 43, 820–822. doi.org/10.1017/ice.2021.120 (2022).
Vardhana, S. A. & Wolchok, J. D. The many faces of the anti-COVID immune response. J. Exp. Med. 217, e20200678. doi.org/10.1084/jem.20200678 (2020).
Rutherford, M. A. et al. Risk factors for severe outcomes in patients with systemic vasculitis and COVID-19: A binational, registry-based cohort study. Arthrit. Rheumatol. 73, 1713–1719. doi.org/10.1002/art.41728 (2021).
Kim, J. S. et al. Clinical characteristics and mortality of patients with hematologic malignancies and COVID-19: A systematic review. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 24, 11926–11933. doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202011_23852 (2020).
Vijenthira, A. et al. Outcomes of patients with hematologic malignancies and COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 3377 patients. Blood 136, 2881–2892. doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020008824 (2020).
Sharma, A. et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation recipients: An observational cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 8, e185–e193. doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30429-4 (2021).
Kenig, A., Ishay, Y., Kharouf, F. & Rubin, L. Treatment of B-cell depleted COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma and plasma-based products. Clin. Immunol. 227, 108723. doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2021.108723 (2021).
Hueso, T. et al. Convalescent plasma therapy for B-cell-depleted patients with protracted COVID-19. Blood 136, 2290–2295. doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020008423 (2020).
Ferrari, S., Caprioli, C., Weber, A., Rambaldi, A. & Lussana, F. Convalescent hyperimmune plasma for chemo-immunotherapy induced immunodeficiency in COVID-19 patients with hematological malignancies. Leuk. Lymphom. 62, 1490–1496. doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2021.1872070 (2021).
Thompson, M. A. et al. Association of convalescent plasma therapy with survival in patients with hematologic cancers and COVID-19. JAMA Oncol. 7, 1167–1175. doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.1799 (2021).
Gerber, V. et al. Protracted SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with rituximab treatment: About two cases. J. Med. Virol. 93, 4141–4144. doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26921 (2021).
Hamilton, F. W., Lee, T., Arnold, D. T., Lilford, R. & Hemming, K. Is convalescent plasma futile in COVID-19? A Bayesian re-analysis of the RECOVERY randomized controlled trial. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 109, 114–117. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.06.034 (2021).
Senefeld, J. W. et al. Use of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients with immunosuppression. Transfusion 61, 2503–2511. doi.org/10.1111/trf.16525 (2021).
Senefeld, J. W. et al. COVID-19 convalescent plasma for the treatment of immunocompromised patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. Open 6, e2250647. doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50647 (2023).
von Elm, E. et al. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. Equator Network (2023, accessed 18 Jan 2023). www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/strobe/.
Tong, A. et al. Core outcome measures for trials in people with coronavirus disease 2019: Respiratory failure, multiorgan failure, shortness of breath, and recovery. Crit. Care Med. 49, 503–516. doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000004817 (2021).
O’Horo, J. C. et al. Outcomes of COVID-19 with the Mayo Clinic model of care and research. Mayo Clin. Proc. 96, 601–618. doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.12.006 (2021).
O’Shaughnessy, J. Revised Letter of Authorization (2021, accessed 9 Nov 2023). www.fda.gov/media/141477/download.
Jeny, F. et al. Correspondence on “glucocorticoid-induced relapse of COVID-19 in a patient with sarcoidosis”. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 81, e241. doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218957 (2022).
Kim, M. S., An, M. H., Kim, W. J. & Hwang, T. H. Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 17, e1003501. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003501 (2020).
Rubio-Rivas, M. et al. WHO ordinal scale and inflammation risk categories in COVID-19. Comparative study of the severity scales. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 37, 1980–1987. doi.org/10.1007/s11606-022-07511-7 (2022).
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria (2020, accessed 18 Jan 2023). www.R-project.org/.
Smith, J. B., Gonzales, E. G., Li, B. H. & Langer-Gould, A. Analysis of rituximab use, time between rituximab and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and COVID-19 hospitalization or death in patients with multiple sclerosis. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e2248664. doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.48664 (2022).
Levavi, H., Lancman, G. & Gabrilove, J. Impact of rituximab on COVID-19 outcomes. Ann. Hematol. 100, 2805–2812 (2021).
Booth, S. et al. Key findings from the UKCCMP cohort of 877 patients with haematological malignancy and COVID-19: Disease control as an important factor relative to recent chemotherapy or anti-CD20 therapy. Br. J. Haematol. 196, 892–901 (2021).
McKay, K. A. et al. Rituximab infusion timing, cumulative dose, and hospitalization for COVID-19 in persons with multiple sclerosis in Sweden. JAMA. Netw. Open. 4, e2136697. doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen (2021).
Misset, B. et al. Convalescent plasma for Covid-19-induced ARDS in mechanically ventilated patients. NEJM 389, 1590–1600 (2023).
Levine, A. C. et al. COVID-19 convalescent plasma outpatient therapy to prevent outpatient hospitalization: A meta-analysis of individual participant data from five randomized trials. Clin. Infect. Dis. 76, 2077–2086 (2023).
Ripoll, J. G. et al. Vaccine-boosted convalescent plasma therapy for patients with immunosuppression and COVID-19. Blood Adv. 6, 5951–5955 (2022).
Cook, L. B. et al. Third primary SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines enhance antibody responses in most patients with haematological malignancies. Nat Commun. 13, 6922. doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34657-z (2022).
Trottier, C. A. et al. Dual antiviral therapy for persistent coronavirus disease 2019 and associated organizing pneumonia in an immunocompromised host. Clin. Infect. Dis. 76, 923–925 (2023).
Ford, E. S. et al. Successful treatment of prolonged, severe coronavirus disease 2019 lower respiratory tract disease in a B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient with an extended course of remdesivir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. Clin. Infect. Dis. 76, 926–929 (2023).
